http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/programming-9/extract-substring-from-string-in-c-432620/

Generally, you pass information into the main( ) function via command line arguments.

A command line argument is the information that follows the program’s name on the command line of the operating system.

For example, when you compile a program, you might type something like the following after the command prompt:

at windows

> program_name

at linux

./program_name

where program_name is a command line argument that specifies the name of the program you wish to compile.

There are two special built-in arguments, argv and argc, that are used to receive command line arguments.

The argc parameter holds the number of arguments on the command line and is an integer. It is always at least 1 because the name of the program qualifies as the first argument.

The argv parameter is a pointer to an array of character pointers. Each element in this array points to a command line argument. All command line arguments are strings

any numbers will have to be converted by the program into the proper internal format.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
 if(argc!=2) {
  printf("You forgot to type your name.\n");
  exit(1);
 }
 printf("Hello %s\n", argv[1]);
 return 0;
}

next code, write countdown

/* Countdown program. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int disp, count;
    
    if(argc<2) {
        printf("You must enter the length of the count\n");
        printf("on the command line. Try again.\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    
    if(argc==3 && !strcmp(argv[2], "display")) disp = 1;
    else disp = 0;
    
    for(count=atoi(argv[1]); count; --count){
        if(disp) printf("%d\n", count);
        putchar('\a'); /* this will ring the bell */
    }
    printf("Done\n");
    return 0;
}

first GET, if you looking the url bar like http://somedomain.com/index.php?value=given

value=given is the variable which sending with method get, we can read it trough

second POST, you cannot see the value without some technique or tools

PHP know all this method and divide they two with method $_GET and $_POST to handle the value

notice this:

when you send value with method GET you must use $_GET method to get the value, and same with POST

in some case, you have build some function with method GET or POST (but not both) to get value, and forward it to algorithm, if you work the method with structural programming, you design the function can use / work with other module or function or class, sometimes you need to switch method from GET to POST or otherwise

solution:

you build some method to doing two method getting variable,

Algorithm: use first method, check it, if not set, use second method

function notEmpty($str='id', $d){
    if(!isset($id)) $id = $_GET[$str];
    if(empty($id)) $id = $_POST[$str];    
    if(empty($id)){
        if(empty($d) && !isset($d))
            die("empty value $str, stop the operation");
        else
            return $d;
    } else return $id;
}

this is like open global variable, so you must carefully use this, just use if ‘URGENT’

- view.php
- load.php
- jquery.js

view.php: sebagai html view / melakukan pemanggilan post ajax

<script type="text/javascript" src="jquery-1.6.4.min.js"></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
    $(document).ready(function(){
        $('#id_propinsi').change(
            function(){
                load_combobox_kabkota($(this).val());
            });
    });
    
    function  load_combobox_kabkota(val){
        $.post("./load.php", { 'kode' : val },
            function(data){
                var strbody = '';
                for(var i in data){
                    var nomor = i; nomor++;
                     strbody += "<option value='"+data[i].id+"'>";
                     strbody += data[i].kota+"</option>";
                }
                $('#id_kabkota').html(strbody);
            }, "json");
    }
</script>

Provinsi:
<select id='id_propinsi' name='div_propinsi'>
    <option value='31'>DKI Jakarta</option>
    <option value='32'>Jawa Barat</option>
</select>
<br />
Kab/Kota :
<select name='id_kabkota' id='id_kabkota'>
</select>

load.php: menerima nilai post, dan mengirim balik nilai array

<?php
$b = array
	(
		array('id'=>311, 'kota'=>'Jakarta Barat'),
		array('id'=>312, 'kota'=>'Jakarta Timur'),
		array('id'=>313, 'kota'=>'Jakarta Selatan'),
		array('id'=>314, 'kota'=>'Jakarta Utara'),
		array('id'=>315, 'kota'=>'Kep. Seribu')
	);

$b = array
	(
		array('id'=>321, 'kota'=>'Bogor'),
		array('id'=>322, 'kota'=>'Sukabumi'),
		array('id'=>323, 'kota'=>'Cianjur')
	);

$pilih = $_POST['kode'];

if($pilih == '31')
	echo json_encode($a);
else
	echo json_encode($b);
?>

contoh penggunaan lambda dari fungsi:


$lambda = rand(0,1) ? function() { echo "Heads!"; } :
function() { echo "Tails!"; };
$lambda(); // <= Dynamic Invocation!


sementara untuk is_callable adalah sebuah methode untuk menentukan apakah sebuah fungsi dapat dipanggil/dideklarasikan atau tidak


function heads() { echo "Heads function!"; }
$function = 'heads';
is_callable($function); // true

$asalAja = "loramIpsumSitAmet";
is_callable($asalAja); // false


sementara untuk fungsi didalam kelas kita tidak dapaat menggunakan is_callable


class Objects {
function methods($who, $what) {
echo "$who are Great $what!";
}
}

if(is_callable($callableArray)) {
call_user_func($callableArray, "You", "Success");
call_user_func_array($callableArray, array("You", "Success"));
}


perintah call_user_func dan call_user_func_array berhasil dijalankan

1. masukan cd/dvd ke drive (cd/dvd) rom

2. buka system monitor untuk melihat drive cd/dvd (System -> Administration -> System Monitor)

3. lihat drive cd room

4. berikan perintah, cat /dev/sr0 > nama.iso

maka si fungsi input, update, delete kita daftarkan dalam interface dan fungsi view_kabupaten_propinsi kita deklarasikan dalam class kotakabupaten

sementara setiap class yang ingin dibuat (propinsi, kotakabupaten, dan kecamatan) memiliki sebuah fungsi __construct yang sama untuk semua kelas ini maka kita dapat membuat menjadi seperti ini

# interface
class Regional {
    function input();
    function update();
    function delete();
}

# Inheritance
class Daerah {
    function __construct(){
        // ... code construct declare here
    }
}

# class using inheritance and interface
class Propinsi extends Daerah interface Regional {
    function input(){
        // declare code input for propinsi
    }
    function update(){
        // declare code update for propinsi
    }
    function delete(){
        // declare code delete for propinsi
    }
    
}

$p = new Propinsi();

class propinsi akan menggunakan fungsi __construct yang diturunkan dari class Daerah

sementara jika kelas kabupaten kota memiliki sebuah fungsi berbeda dari class yang lain yaitu view_kabupaten_propinsi kita dapat membuat nya menjadi

class Kabkota extends Daerah interface Regional {
    function input(){
        // declare code input for kabkota
    }
    function update(){
        // declare code update for kabkota
    }
    function delete(){
        // declare code delete for kabkota
    }
    // khusus untuk class Kabkota
    function view_kabupaten_propinsi(){
        // declare here
    }
}

dengan cara seperti ini kita telah mengurangi pengulangan penulisan fungsi yang identik
dan menjamin sebuah interface yang sama pada kelas2 yang dibuat

1. Ann takes a shower every day.
2. I usually read the news paper in the morning
3. Babies cry. Birds fly

NEGATIVE

• It doesn’t snow in Jakarta

QUESTION

• Does the teacher speak slowly ?

1. Ann can’t come to the phone right now because she is taking a shower
2. I am reading my grammar book right now
3. Jim and Susie are babies. They are crying. i can hear them right now. Maybe they are hungry.

NEGATIVE

• It isn’t snowing right now.

QUESTION

• Is the teacher speaking right now ?

FORM: am, is, are + -ing
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